What is Colposcopy? Why is it done and how is it performed?
Colposcopy is a special examination performed to examine the cervix, vagina and vulva regions more closely. This procedure performed by gynecologists plays an important role in detecting cellular changes before cervical cancer. Colposcopy is usually performed after abnormal smear test results and may require the use of additional diagnostic methods such as biopsy.
What is Colposcopy?
Colposcopy is a procedure performed to examine cellular changes in the cervix, vagina and vulva regions in detail. During this procedure, the doctor examines these areas with a special magnifying glass called a colposcope and, if necessary, takes a biopsy (tissue sample). Colposcopy is a method frequently used after abnormal smear test results and plays a vital role in the diagnosis of precancerous cellular changes.
Colposcopy is usually a short-term procedure and does not require hospitalization. During the procedure, the cervix is cleaned with a special liquid and any cellular changes are made visible.
Why is Colposcopy Performed?
Colposcopy is usually performed when abnormal results are seen in a smear test, which is a screening test. A smear test is a test that detects cellular changes in the cervix and abnormal results may require a more detailed examination. HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) infections may also require colposcopy.
Situations Requiring Colposcopy:
- Abnormal Smear Test Results: When cellular abnormalities such as ASCUS, LSIL, HSIL are seen.
- HPV Infection: Especially when high-risk HPV types are detected.
- Cervical Cancer Suspicion: For more detailed examination in people at risk of cervical cancer.
- Genital Warts: When warts or other abnormal growths are seen in the genital area.
This The procedure is a critical diagnostic method for early detection of cervical cancer and increases the chance of early intervention.
How is Colposcopy Performed?
A colposcopy is a procedure performed similar to a gynecological examination. It usually takes 10-20 minutes and consists of the following steps:
Colposcopy Procedure Steps:
- Patient Preparation: The patient is laid on a gynecological examination table and the legs are placed on special supports.
- Speculum Placement: The doctor uses an instrument called a speculum to open the vagina and see the cervix.
- Examination with a Colposcope: The colposcope is placed outside the vagina. This device acts like a microscope, magnifying the area and allowing for detailed examination.
- Coloring the Cells: A special acetic acid (vinegar) solution is applied to the cervix to highlight abnormal cells.
- Biopsy (If Necessary): If abnormal cells or lesions are detected, a small tissue sample may be taken.
No incision is made during the procedure and it is usually painless. However, if a biopsy is needed, you may feel some mild discomfort or cramping.
Biopsy During Colposcopy
During colposcopy, the doctor may take a biopsy (tissue sample) of abnormal areas. This procedure allows suspicious cells to be examined in more detail in the laboratory. A biopsy is performed by removing a small piece of tissue, and there is usually some discomfort.
When is a biopsy necessary?
- If abnormal cells are detected
- If HPV infection is suspected
- If cellular changes that may indicate a cancer risk are seen
Biopsy results are usually available within 1 to 2 weeks, and your doctor will plan your treatment based on the results.
What to Expect After Colposcopy?
Most women can return to their normal activities right away after a colposcopy. However, if a biopsy was performed, you may experience some light bleeding or spotting for a few days. Some women may experience mild cramping after the procedure, but this is usually short-lived.
Possible Post-Colposcopy Situations:
- Light Bleeding: There may be mild bleeding or spotting in the biopsy area.
- Cramps: Mild cramping is common, but the pain is usually mild.
- Stop Having Sex: It is recommended that you avoid having sex for a few days after the procedure.
If you experience symptoms such as heavy bleeding, severe pain, or fever after the procedure, you should contact your doctor immediately.
Is Colposcopy a Painful Procedure?
Colposcopy is usually a painless procedure. Only mild pressure may be felt during the procedure. If a biopsy is needed, you may experience mild cramping in the cervix. However, anesthesia is usually not needed during the procedure.
It is important to let your doctor know if you feel any discomfort during the procedure. Taking a mild painkiller can usually help with discomfort after the procedure.
Preparation Before Colposcopy
You may need to make some preparations before the colposcopy procedure. These preparations will make the procedure more comfortable and provide accurate results.
Things to Consider Before Colposcopy:
- Should Be Performed Outside of Menstrual Period: Colposcopy should be performed outside of menstrual period. Colposcopy performed during menstruation may not give accurate results.
- Avoiding Sexual Intercourse: It is recommended not to have sexual intercourse 24-48 hours before the procedure.
- Avoiding Vaginal Product Use: Vaginal douche, tampons or other vaginal products should not be used.
- Using Painkillers: Taking a mild painkiller before the procedure can reduce discomfort.
These simple precautions will help you be more comfortable during the colposcopy and ensure the procedure is successful.
Who is Colposcopy Performed for?
Colposcopy is performed especially on women who have abnormal smear test results. People with HPV infection or those at risk of cervical cancer are also candidates for this procedure. Doctors may recommend colposcopy for more detailed examination of suspicious cellular changes.
Reasons for Colposcopy:
- Abnormal smear test results
- Suspicion of HPV infection
- Cervical cancer risk factors
- Genital warts or other abnormal growths
Colposcopy Results
Colposcopy results vary depending on the degree of cellular abnormalities. If your doctor detects any abnormal areas during the procedure, they may take a biopsy and develop a treatment plan based on the results.
Colposcopy Results:
- Normal Results: If there are no abnormal cellular changes, you may continue to be monitored with regular checkups.
- Abnormal Results: If cellular changes are detected, further testing or treatment may be necessary.
Abnormal results do not indicate cancer, but they may indicate cellular changes that need to be detected early.
The Relationship Between Colposcopy and HPV
HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) infection is one of the biggest risk factors for cervical cancer. Colposcopy can be used to detect cellular changes caused by HPV infection. Especially high-risk HPV types can cause the development of cervical cancer.
Colposcopy performed together with HPV testing allows for more detailed examination of changes in the cervix.
Side Effects of Colposcopy
Colposcopy is generally a safe procedure. However, some mild side effects may be experienced after the procedure.
Possible Side Effects After Colposcopy:
- Light Bleeding or Spotting: This may last for a few days after the procedure, especially if a biopsy was performed.
- Mild Cramping: Taking a tissue sample from the cervix may cause mild cramping.
- Vaginal Discharge: A whitish discharge after colposcopy is normal and is caused by the fluids used.
These side effects usually pass in a short time. However, if you experience symptoms such as severe pain, heavy bleeding or fever, you should see your doctor.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
1. Is colposcopy painful?
Colposcopy is usually a painless procedure. However, there may be some slight discomfort when a biopsy is taken.
2. When do colposcopy results come out?
The laboratory results of biopsy samples taken during colposcopy areIt usually comes out in 1-2 weeks.
3. When will I recover after colposcopy?
You can usually return to your daily activities immediately after colposcopy. Light bleeding or cramping may last for a few days.
4. Is colposcopy performed to diagnose cancer?
Colposcopy is performed to detect precancerous cellular changes. However, additional tests may be required to make a direct diagnosis of cancer.
5. When can I resume sexual intercourse after colposcopy?
If a biopsy was taken after colposcopy, it is recommended that you take a break from sexual intercourse for about 1 week.
6. Can colposcopy be performed during pregnancy?
Yes, colposcopy can be performed during pregnancy. However, your doctor will be careful whether to perform a biopsy during pregnancy.
